No Same Love By Macklemore - 959 Words

Show Some Love We live in a world full of hate, the world today people are afraid of being themselves. People today rather conform to the social norm, instead we the people should stand up and fight for what believe, because our beliefs makes us who we are. This song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore is about a gay who’s gay and has to fight for what he believes in and he did not let anyone get in the way of what he loved. In the song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore, Macklemore successfully shows his support and acceptance for homosexuality and their equal rights by using strong visual and lyrical elements. In the song â€Å"Same Love† he uses strong lyrics to voice his message. People hear and feel music differently, this is how I interpret and analyzed the lyrics what they meant when I listened the lyrics. In one of Macklemore verses he states â€Å"Have you read the YouTube comments lately? â€Å"Man, that’s gay† gets dropped on the daily we become so numb to what we’re saying†(line 33-35). These lyrics show that Macklemore is not gay, but he still recognizes the animosity that homosexuals receive on a daily base. Not only in public homosexual get ridicule also on social networks where everyone could see. People use the word, gay without think what the words means. People don’t think how if you keep using the word gay as a derogatory term how might that affect someone that is gay or homosexual. In another part of macklemore lyrics he says â€Å"Gay is synonymous with the lesser† (40). People use theShow MoreRelatedMacklemore s Same L ove: The Breakdown816 Words   |  3 Pageschance that you have been able to catch â€Å"Thrift Shop† by Macklemore. It is currently run on several radio stations and has over 100 million views on YouTube. I wouldnt say it is the best song out there, but it sure is catchy. Due to its â€Å"catchyness† I decided to check out other work by Macklemore. In doing this I discovered his song â€Å"Same Love† featuring Mary Lambert. Upon hearing this song, it really made me think about the world today. Macklemore (Ben Haggerty), Ryan Lewis, and Mary Lambert wroteRead MoreThe, Same Love, By Macklemore, Ryan Lewis, And Mary Lambert1254 Words   |  6 Pagessomething sinful or awful. The music video, â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore, Ryan Lewis, and Mary Lambert attempts to change the part of society that believes being gay is a choice. Macklemore is known best for his hip-hop and rapping style music, and while he keeps the rapping aspect in this music video, this is the first time he delves into deeper social issues. â€Å"Same Love† seeks to portrays one man’s life journey dealing with his homosexuali-ty, while at the same time challenging viewers to understand thatRead MoreHomosexuality in Same Love by Macklemore with Ryan Lewis and Mary Lambert1006 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"My love, she keeps me warm.† Without context, these song lyrics have no impact or power behind them. However, if told that these words were sung by a female vocalist, and preceded by the lyrics â€Å"I can’t change, even if it tried, even if I wanted to,† suddenly the words have meaning as a woman sings of her love for another woman (Haggerty, Lewis, Lambert, 2102). These lyrics come from the 2012 song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore with Ryan Lewis and featuring Mary Lambert. In the song â€Å"Same Love,† MacklemoreRead MoreThe Song, By Ryan Lewis And Featuring Mary Lambert Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesHaggerty, better known as Macklemore, is one of the most popular artists in the hip hop industry. He is best known for recognizing issues within society and using his influence to make a difference. The hip-hop industry has a huge impact on the youth. It influences the way people speak, act, and think. Constant discrimination towards race, gender and sexual orientation takes place among popular songs which encourages audiences to also act in discriminatory ways. â€Å"Same Love† was released in 2012 asRead MoreSame Sex, Sam e Love910 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex, Same love Homosexuality is the â€Å"same† kind of love as heterosexuality. Same-sex couples should have access to the same benefits enjoyed as any other couples since it’s recognize as a human right. Macklemore and Ryan Lewis made a song for supporters in reference to the February 2012 bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in the state(s). Same Love by Macklemore and Ryan Lewis portray a rap song that explicitly defends same-sex love by calling out hip-hop’s history of homophobia andRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Same Love By Mackkleore Ryan Lewis827 Words   |  4 Pagesabout time that we ask the same question with the music that we call our â€Å"jam†. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze Macklemore Ryan Lewis’s single â€Å"Same Love†, a song with one of the best stories about same-sex marriage. Influential hip-hop artist Macklemore, who has gained a strong base through his hit songs, made his strongest stance yet through his song â€Å"Same Love†. Using his popularity to further the dialogue regarding same-sex marriage, â€Å"Same Love† is the most influential proRead MoreMacklemore s Stand For Homosexual Equality1416 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as his stage name Macklemore, from Seattle, Washington took this global conflict and created the very popular music video â€Å"Same Love† which has over 126 million views on YouTube. Around the world, homosexuals are looked down upon, discriminated and are left feeling ashamed. The LGBT community wants equality therefore, supporter of gay rights, Macklemore took action into his own hands to spread the word by creating the song â€Å"Same love†. Throughout the music video, Macklemore presents today’s gayRead MoreEssay About Same Love977 Words   |  4 Pagesbe judged and categorised based on it. The theme of identity in Same Love touches on struggling to fit into our judgmental and discriminating society, which can not only re late to homosexuals in our generation but to anyone having a hard time fitting in. Macklemore encourages embracing your differences and accepting who you are, as he says â€Å"Its human rights for everybody, there is no difference†¦ Live on and be yourself.† Macklemore proves a point about just how hard it is for us to accept ourselvesRead MoreAnalysis Of Pope Francis And Macklemore891 Words   |  4 PagesPeople, One Meaning Love; it is a very common subject among couples, families, and the general public. Love can be viewed in many different ways with the same meaning. Just like Ben Haggerty, commonly known as Macklemore, his song â€Å"Same Love† sung words about love and equality. Not only Macklemore, but Pope Francis also expressed his own way to spread his message of love. They are the two highest prestige bodies that would be less likely to be compared. Pope Francis and Macklemore share uniquely similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized898 Words   |  4 PagesFinally, in 2015 same sex marriage was legalized in all fifty states. Many arguments have come around about if homosexuality is genetic or if its chosen. Many people think either way and there aren’t many people who are in between thinking that homosexuality is chosen or not. The song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore was released in 2015 when all of the media slowed down about homosexuality and after same sex marriage was legalized. So when Macklemore released this song more attention came to same sex marriage

Developing And Implement A Business Plan - 2269 Words

Develop and implement a business plan Introduction Dong’s China Bar would like to establish its business operation in Little Bourke Street to expand its business images. The business will focus on producing the fine dining northern Chinese cuisine and food and its owner Mr. Dong has been a qualified and experienced chef in this area for more than 7 years. Assessment task 1 Research: 1. Identify the purpose of your business plan o It helps to establish the business goals, missions and visions. It serves as the guidelines to implement the company’s marketing, production, and financing and management decisions. o It also serves as the proof to the financial lending institutes that the company has the sound and solid†¦show more content†¦Research resources, legal and compliance requirements, specifically in relation to occupational health and safety (OHS), in accordance with business goals and objectives †¢ OHS: Dong’s China Bar has established the practical guidelines to maintain the requirements of Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 and the relevant OHS regulation. Codes of Practice offer both employers and employees with guidelines of how to manage the workplace safety in an effective way. †¢ Cultural expectations and influence: Dong’s China Bar’s staffs are considering the business stakeholders’ age, gender, interests, social activities and customer lifestyles. All staffs understand all the business stakeholders should be treated differently due to these differences. †¢ Environmental issues: Dong’s China Bar will try to minimise the air pollutions from frying and cooking oil, wastewater pollutions into the sewage system, land pollutions from dumping the business rubbish, hazardous items from the cleaning products usage, solid wastage into the natural environment, pesticide chemicals and pest control spray within the shop, asbestos chemicals from the shopShow MoreRelatedInformation On Continuity Of Operations For An Organization920 Words   |  4 Pagesany risks, procedures, and techniques when developing and implementing an IT contingency plan. This document discusses the planning steps in developing an IT contingency plan, possible recovery options for restoring operations, recommended testing requirements for developing an effective test plan, and a proposed 24 month test cycle. â€Æ' IT Resource Contingency Planning In today’s net-centric world, even a day offline may damage an organization’s business and profit margin. As a result, it is imperativeRead MoreThe Aditya Birla Group Career Competency Model1004 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopment Plans (IDPs) and talent dialogues with business heads and HR have helped in taking this process to the next level THE ADITYA BIRLA GROUP’S CAREER COMPETENCY MODEL Understanding Competencies To be effective at each career stage, people are required to develop and sharpen different competencies and behaviors. They have developed the competency framework to provide the set of behavioral competencies which are required at different career stages. â€Æ' INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN †¢ Each TalentRead MoreImplementing A New Plan For Business1325 Words   |  6 Pagesby Microsoft and for this our software becomes obsolete. So it is necessary to make some changes in our company and need to come up with a new plan in order to stay in the business. Developing a Strategic Plan The development of a new plan for business and its implementation needs a lot of effort and time. However, our dedicated experts developed the plan and implementation procedures following the 10 steps which are summarized below: Define Goals It is necessary to develop a new version of our softwareRead MoreStrategic Management : Leadership And Management1421 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership and Management 330 Ms. Clarke November 9, 2014 Strategic Management, according to the text, involves conducting an environmental scan which includes customers and knowing competition, establishing goals, setting targets, developing an action plan, implementing the plan, and evaluating success (Hubler, 2014, p. 331) This is used to establish a company’s vision or mission. This process helps a company to gain awareness of things that they need to do in order to become more successful than theyRead MoreReview Of Changing Perspective Of Marketing Planning1334 Words   |  6 Pagesmarketing plan is also known as Marketing-LED which involves leading of a company by marketing department. In this approach, marketing plan is made as per needs and requirements of customers by aiming their satisfaction with product or service. Multi-function is very important in context with customer satisfaction. Product mix is a technique which focuses on best line of product which can be taken into consideration by considering 4P s (Chaffey, Smit h Smith, 2012). 2: Modern marketing plan considersRead MoreMarketing and Business Development1068 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategic business relationships. †¢ Proven ability to increase sales and market share. †¢ Awarded top awards for key achievements. †¢ Offer exceptional communication and customer management skills. †¢ Skilled in resolving customer and project issues. †¢ Broad experience creating and implementing sales and marketing. Experience: JAWDA Engineering Consultant, Cairo August 2010 – Present Industry: Electric Engineering Consultancy Services Business DevelopmentRead MoreBusiness Studies Extended Response1293 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness studies extended response Helen’s is an upmarket fashion boutique store in Sydney’s east. Falling sales have been reflected by surveys that reveal consumers view the business as outdated and no longer relevant to consumers’ needs. Strong competition in the area has placed considerable pressure on pricing. The business’s target market, 50-65 year old females, no longer dominated the now younger demographic character of the area. Develop a marketing plan for the business that suggests howRead MoreStrategic Plan For An Operational Plan Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesTask 1 project develop an operational plan Purpose: to develop and implement strategic plan to support business in term of operational plan. Business name: Australian Hardware Ltd Business structure: Public company since 1982 ABN: 4000000000 Business location: Australian hardware is headquartered in Sydney, NSW. The business owns and operates 138 stores throughout Australia. Date established: 26 January 1921. Ownership and governance: The Greenwright family retains a controlling interestRead MoreCustomer Service And Brand Reputation1196 Words   |  5 Pageson various issues being faced. Through an extensive analysis of the establishment, Fit Fast Bikes has broken various consumer laws and it is suggested that they must implement numerous strategies to improve customer service and brand reputation in order to increase profitability and market share. It is recommended that a marketing plan process as well as a marketing strategy be utilised to rectify the current issues being faced. Finding Discussions Consumer Laws After an analysis of the situationRead MoreWhy Business Should Develop A Strategy1216 Words   |  5 PagesStrategy could be a set of goals that you achieve to gain competitive advantage over competitors. Strategy is something a business utilizes to build on to stay in business for a long time. According to Harvard Business Review â€Å"strategy is something that set you apart from other businesses† (Michael Porter). This paper will define strategy, also talk about why or why business should develop a strategy. Another eye open statement will address can or should individuals have a life strategy. What strategy

Non Scientific Psychological Approaches

Question: Discuss about the Non Scientific Psychological Approaches. Answer: Prevalence of Structuralism: The structuralism is the method, which is used to understand the common behaviour of human behaviour. Humans live with the entangled relationship, which constitutes the structure of the abstract culture. In the early 1900s, structuralism was developed in Europe. The term structuralism is related to literary texts with a larger structure. Being reductive is structuralisms one of the main problems. Following ideas given by Schultz and Schultz (2015), it can be said that a meaningful action's occurrence has only proved the presence of signification. Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure first brought structuralism to everyone's attention. Structuralism points one action to a thought process. It is a one to one mapping. A thought process takes the help of significance in order to be aligned with an action. It works as a system. Because of the significance related to structuralism, it is used to analyze an action. Following the ideas of Parker and Shotter (2015), it can be stated that the thought process behind an action is determined easily by the structuralism due to its scientific approach. The scientific approach talks about a causal relationship. Here, tracing the end action or result one can get back to the initial action, which triggered a series of actions and thoughts. The use of logic used in structuralism is similar to the use of logic in mathematics. It gives the birth of various subfields like conflict, culture, development, criminology and others. Once an action starts a thought process, various reactions may follow. It can start a conflict. Structuralism can be analyzed with the help of various methods li ke quantitative, qualitative, mathematical, and others. At present, structuralism might take many forms, but as the post-structuralism suggests, it gives the inner strength of a though process. With time the upgraded definition of structuralism, now it adds more value to the thought process due to its added analytical characteristics. It proves the prevalence of structuralism. It is derived from a mathematical concept of one to one mapping. It speaks to the relevance of the theory of structuralism. This is not present in the other approaches like humanistic approach. In those cases, the relation between the end and primary variables can be numerous. It makes finding a causal relationship with rational logic between the variables difficult. To address this problem, one needs other approaches as well. Structuralisms Degree of Scientific merit: The scientific merit of structuralism can be questioned due to the various assumptions are made in the process. According to ideas given by Piaget (2015), it can be said that the assumptions mitigate the uncertainty in the study of the human behaviours regarding structuralism. Hence, one can say structuralism finds its answers through controlled experimental methods. Losing the control over the experimental methods might lead to a new outcome, which might be unanswerable for the presently available methods. The methods are used in this research are typically restricted in statistical and mathematical fields. There are many loopholes in these methods, which might tamper with the results of the study. The assumptions work as constraints to the usage of these methods. Because of these limitations, the results, which are gathered through working on the structuralism, can be considered as not important and of less significance. As stated by psychologists like McLeod, the importance of the structuralism depends on the passive effects of the results (Piaget, Fraisse Reuchlin, 2014). The results that can be gathered by using the statistical or mathematical tools and methods can be used in other studies. The results of these studies can be used as raw data for others studies. Hence, one cannot just say that this method has no scientific significance. It places a broad context with several layers of significance. The significance of the study subject can be analyzed putting the subjects in a wider context. This is one of the basic principles of the approach. The results of the studies might differ for the same subject even if the same tools are used. The reason behind this is the difference between the languages. Different languages represent different cultures. It changes the pattern creating unique identities in the languages. Hence, the results following the same response might lead to different outcomes, which can complicate any further studies. It mainly provides the structure of the conscious process. Classifying the sensations for the purpose of observing to a minimum extent is not what structuralism is. The structuralism states that it is not easy to understand actions in isolation. To understand those actions properly one has to check the actions according to the whole context. This way the degree of scientific merit has to be checked under that totality. Humanistic Psychological Approach: In the mid-twentieth century, as an answer for the limitations for Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic theory, humanistic approach came in to existence. The initiation of this theory was before the Renaissance of Europe. The main properties of humanistic approach include a holistic view of the behaviours. Humanistic approach by nature does not preach for mathematical research, as human behaviour is far too complex for Cartesian-Newtonian scientific research. Hence, quantitative approach for the humanistic approach is not fruitful. There are no proper qualitative methods to assess humanistic approach as well. It makes preparing a one to one correspondence between two actions with their behaviour hard. According to the views of Waterman (2013), one might conclude that general logic might not be applied in these scenarios. It is also fruitful in the case of the humanistic approach to derive the methods from the subject matter rather than looking for logic through natural science. As stated by Schneider, Pierson and Bugental (2014), it can be stated that, in most of the cases of humanistic approach, the usage of the general Cartesian-Newtonian scientific concepts will not yield any logical explanation making it tough for understanding for the commoners. In general, a scientific research requires a theory backed model that can interpret the situation, issues, as well as the results. This is missing in humanistic approach, as there are no simple one to one mapping of logic is possible in this approach. To build a theory, much knowledge is required, which is not present in the case of the humanistic approach. Moreover, the causal relationship is missing in this approach making it impossible to quantify the data scientifically. According to ideas given by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2014) even if subjects are chosen for a data collection process, the variables of the same attribute might differ for each of the cases. A researcher might feel something while stud ying a subject, but without a scientific process to narrow down that feeling, the data cannot be recorded, which is not possible in the case of humanistic approach. For this reason, the researchers differentiate this approach from the others on the basis of non-scientific backgrounds. As it has minimal or no scientific method involved, it makes the reliability of the results difficult. The results are also can be interpreted differently by different viewers. Humanistic Approach: The humanistic approach requires fist person experience to analyze a certain action and the rationale behind it. There are no other quantitative methods that can be used in order to understand the theories related to it. There might be several cases where the same theory is used at different levels of understanding human behaviour. In this case, one researcher handling both the behaviours might work as he can differentiate or find the similarities between the two behaviours, which are not possible if two different sets of indicators were used for analyzing the behaviours. Angus et al. (2015)have suggested that there are no general data recording processes for this type of cases, making it difficult to convey the message regarding a studied behaviour. It can also create issues with the same researcher in two periods. In the short run, the researcher might analyze two different behaviours with ease but as time passes by it will be difficult for the researcher to judge one behaviour by a previously noticed behaviour. In the long run, a same persons behaviour changes. The same person can react differently to the same situation every time he or she faces it. Due to this, there is no causal relationship between the reaction and the situation and one to one mapping is not possible. Recording data of such kind is thus also not possible. These are the basic requirements for making a scientific approach. As the humanistic approach is not fulfilling these criteria, it is not regarded as a scientific approach. Not being a scientific approach does not reduce the importance of the humanistic approach. People use this approach in their daily lives without any scientific data and yield a positive result. The results of the humanistic approach can change creating the possibility of many outcomes, with a slight movement of the internal issues. A person using the humanistic approach cannot record and use the results again. Although the humanistic approach is a non-scientific approach, it has a significant hold over the interpersonal relationship theories. With time and experience, the humanistic approach and its results become clear to the researchers. Otherwise, just a scientific view towards the approach will not yield any results. The Structure of humanistic Approach: The humanistic approach was never meant to be a scientific approach. A scientific approach by definition requires a question and a background research. It is followed by a hypothesis which again requires an experiment. Based on the results of the experiments the hypothesis is either accepted or rejected. Then it inspires further studies and experiments. The whole process is recorded in such a way that it can be done again and a similar result will follow. This is not the case of humanistic approach. The objectives and perspectives in the case of humanistic approach are not clear. The structure of the approach solely relies on the natural instinct of a person. Hence, the findings are the reflections of individuality in this approach. According to ideas given by Pascual-Leone, Paivio and Harrington (2016), the works of Maslow support this statement. In his study of self-actualization, he clearly stated that the study was not meant to be a scientific one. He argued that the study was no t well planned; hence, the opportunity of making a scientific approach was out of the available options. The validity of the data cannot be judged, as the study was reflective. The point of this argument is that a humanistic approach is not bounded by a structure. Personal growth and fulfilment are responsible for this. Subjective common sense is prioritized while adopting the structure of a humanistic approach instead of scientific objectivity and analysis. This makes the structure free from all the constraints. This requires the reader of the humanistic approach to study the concept and related works without any constrained vision. Only following this approach, the structure of the humanistic approach can be understood. Understanding this is highly prioritized as humanistic approach answers various issues, which are not answered, by common scientific theories and hypotheses. Cartesian-Newtonian scientific researchers have a minimum or no role in creating a structure of humanistic approach. On the other hand, the structure of work based on humanistic approach is free of any constraints by scientific rationality. Hence, it gets the opportunity of displaying the randomness of the human mind. Making assumptions to reach a conclusion does not fall under the structure of this approach. Thus, finding rat ionality in the randomness is tough in the case of humanistic approach. Freuds Perception: Freuds perception on psychological analysis has raised many controversies as well as ways of finding a solution to an unsolvable problem. The different schools of thoughts like structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and humanistic psychology have tried to solve the issues regarding the psychology. The analyses are not always scientific. In fact, most of the approaches have no scientific rules and regulations. Structuralism has somewhat scientific base as it shows a one to one mapping of behaviours and actions. According to views of Shields (2016), it can be said that functionalism states that mental life of a person depends highly on the adaptation of the environment a subject lives in. In the late 19th century, the concept of functionalism came into the picture as an alternative of structuralism. It has no one-to-one mapping as the functionalism states that much behaviour can come out of the same action. The functionalism considers behaviourism to answer t he causal relationship between an action and behaviour. Following the views of Koffka (2013), it can be stated that the Gestalt psychology finds out the reason behind a certain move, which might be otherwise considered as random. The base of the approach is not sound leaving many loopholes in the theories and results. It is assumed that the unconscious mind of a person replies most to a set of therapeutic techniques termed as psychoanalysis. In the early 1890s, Sigmund Freud established this discipline. He used the techniques to interpret the behaviour by the subconscious mind. Following the views of Lemberger and Hutchison (2014), the humanistic psychology records the changes in behaviour in the same environment. The reasons behind the changes are analyzed in this method. As stated by Freud (2013), the data recorded was interpreted by psychoanalysis, which did not give any concrete result. Hence following the result will not yield the same outcomes each time the subject changes (Freud, 2014). Thus making universal predictions based on the works of Freud will not help in analyzing behaviour. The objectivity in the works of Freud was not concrete as the considerations of biases due to cultural, personal, and others were not removed before publishing the outcomes. Hence, it can be seen that the outcomes and the processes used by the famous neurologist were not scientifically proven. This makes measuring the works of Freud objectively impossible. References: Angus, L., Watson, J. C., Elliott, R., Schneider, K., Timulak, L. (2015). Humanistic psychotherapy research 19902015: From methodological innovation to evidence-supported treatment outcomes and beyond. Psychotherapy Research, 25(3), 330-347. Freud, S. (2013). The interpretation of dreams. Read Books Ltd. Freud, S. (2014). The neuro-psychoses of defence. Read Books Ltd. Koffka, K. (2013). Principles of Gestalt psychology (Vol. 44). Routledge. Lemberger, M. E., Hutchison, B. (2014). Advocating student-within-environment: A humanistic approach for therapists to animate social justice in the schools. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 54(1), 28-44. Parker, I., Shotter, J. (Eds.). (2015). Deconstructing social psychology (Vol. 21). Psychology Press. Pascual-Leone, A., Paivio, S., Harrington, S. (2016). Emotion in psychotherapy: An experiential-humanistic perspective. Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice,. Piaget, J. (2015). Structuralism (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Piaget, J., Fraisse, P., Reuchlin, M. (2014). Experimental Psychology Its Scope and Method: Volume I (Psychology Revivals): History and Method. Psychology Press. Schneider, K. J., Pierson, J. F., Bugental, J. F. (Eds.). (2014). The handbook of humanistic psychology: Theory, research, and practice. Sage Publications. Schultz, D. P., Schultz, S. E. (2015). A history of modern psychology. Cengage Learning. Seligman, M. E., Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction (pp. 279-298). Springer Netherlands. Shields, S. A. (2016). Functionalism, Darwinism, and advances in the psychology of women and gender: From the 19th century to the 21st. Feminism Psychology, 26(4), 397-404. Waterman, A. S. (2013). The humanistic psychologypositive psychology divide: Contrasts in philosophical foundations. American Psychologist, 68(3), 124.

Time And Culture Essay Example For Students

Time And Culture Essay In The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of TimeAnthropologist Edward T. Hall entitles his first chapter Time asCulture. An extreme stance perhaps, especially given the potency ofnatures rhythms, but it is instructive of the extent to which experiences andconceptualizations of time and space are culturally determined. Unlike the restof natures animals, our environment is primarily man-made and symbolic inquality. As Bronowski observed in The Ascent of Man, instead of being figures ofthe landscape, like antelopes upon the African savanna, we humans are theshapers of it. Geographical space and natural time are transformed into socialspace and social time, around whose definitions human beings orient theirbehaviors. For instance, instead of being governed by the natural rhythms of thesun and seasons, our behaviors are governed by such cultural temporalities aswork schedules, age norms, and by the open hours of shopping malls. We will write a custom essay on Time And Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Culture is a shared system of ideas about the nature of the world and how (andwhen) people should behave in it. Cultural theorists argue that culture createsminds, selves and emotions in a society as reliably as DNA creates the varioustissues of a living body. Culture also creates the rhythms of a society thatecho within the very biology of its members. Observes Irving Hallowell(Temporal Orientation in Western Civilization and in a Pre-LiterateSociety, American Anthropologist 36, 1955), It is impossible to assumethat man is born with any innate `temporal sense. His temporal concepts arealways culturally constituted (pp. 216-7). A 1974 study by William Condonand Louis Sander showed that within a few days, infants flex their limbs andmove their heads in rhythms matching the human speech around them. By the time achild is three months old he has already been temporally enculturated, havinginternalized the external rhythms (called Zeitgeber, meaning timegiver in German) of his culture. T hese rhythms underlie a peopleslanguage, music, religious ritual (the Buddhist mantra, for instance, is notonly ones personal prayer but ones personal rhythm), beliefs about post-mortemfate, and their poetry and dance. These rhythms also serve as a basis ofsolidarity: humans are universally attracted to rhythm and to those who sharetheir cadences of talk, movement, music, and sport. Thus socio-cultural systemscan be likened to massive musical scores: change the rhythm such as putting afuneral dirge to a calypso beatand you change the meaning of the piece. Cultures differ temporally, for example, in the temporal precision with whichthey program everyday events (ask any American businessman trying to schedule ameeting in the Middle East) and in the ways various social rhythms are allowedto mesh.